A Department of Homeland Security Emeritus Center of Excellence led by the University of Maryland

A consortium of researchers dedicated to improving the understanding of the human causes and consequences of terrorism

START Research Projects


START Research Projects

Project Title Investigators Project Period
A Comparative Study of Violent Extremism and Gangs Gary LaFree, Scott H. Decker, David C. Pyrooz January, 2015 to March, 2019
A Multi-Level Approach to the Study of Violent Extremism Gary LaFree, Michael Jensen January, 2018 to December, 2020
A Pathway Approach to the Study of Bias Crime Offenders Gary LaFree, Michael Jensen January, 2018 to December, 2019
A Toolkit for Preventing Targeted Violence on College Campuses Gary LaFree July, 2017 to July, 2018
Al-Qa'ida Transcript Coding Project Deborah Cai June, 2006 to May, 2009
An Assessment of Jamāʻat Ahl as-Sunnah lid-daʻwa wal-Jihād (Boko Haram): Strengths, Vulnerabilities and Policy Options Amy Pate July, 2014 to November, 2014
An Integrated Conception of Community Resilience Betty Pfefferbaum, Fran Norris, Kathleen Sherrieb March, 2010 to February, 2012
Anatomizing Radiological and Nuclear Non-State Adversaries Gary Ackerman, Jeffrey Bale, R. Karl Rethemeyer June, 2012 to January, 2014
Anatomizing the Behavior of Chemical and Biological Non-State Adversaries Gary Ackerman, Victor Asal June, 2012 to May, 2014
Anti-Terrorism Assistance Programs William Braniff June, 2016 to May, 2017
Assessing Success and Failure in Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Development of Metrics on the Global War on Terror and the Global Jihad Rashmi Singh June, 2008 to October, 2011
Assessing the Effectiveness of Current De-Radicalization Initiatives and Identifying Implications for the Development of U.S.-Based Initiatives in Multiple Settings June, 2008 to June, 2009
Bargaining on and off the Battlefield: The Bargaining Model of War and Negotiations with the Afghan Taliban Barnett S. Koven February, 2019 to August, 2019
Behavioral Assessments Based on Automated Text Analyses James Pennebaker November, 2008 to May, 2010
Belief Formation and Political Engagement: A Panel Study of the Dynamics of Change in Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey Mansoor Moaddel September, 2015 to August, 2018
Best Practices for Preparing Communities: Citizen Engagement in Public Health Planning Monica Schoch-Spana May, 2005 to May, 2008
Big, Allied, Dangerous, and Charitable? R. Karl Rethemeyer, Victor Asal June, 2009 to October, 2011
Border Crossings and Terrorist Attacks in the United States: Lessons for Protecting Against Dangerous Entrants Brent Smith, Erin Miller, Gary LaFree, Kathleen Smarick March, 2010 to August, 2012
Building a Unified Infrastructure for Data Integration on Political Violence and Conflict Brandon Behlendorf, Gary LaFree January, 2013 to August, 2014
Building Community Resilience through Public Involvement: The Extended Community Assessment of Resilience Tool (CART-E) Betty Pfefferbaum June, 2008 to December, 2011
Building Resilience to Violent Extremism Among Somali-Americans in Minneapolis-St. Paul Stevan Weine August, 2010 to August, 2012
Campus Dialogues Jonathan Wilkenfeld January, 2006 to May, 2008
Cargo Aviation Insider Threat Assessment Tool (CAITAT) Thomas Guarrieri September, 2016 to December, 2018
Cell Groups and Individual Radicalization in Indonesia, United Kingdom, and the United States Douglas M. McLeod June, 2008 to December, 2009
Coalition Building for CVE and Community Resilience William Braniff October, 2015 to September, 2018
Communicating Risk of Mass Casualty Terrorism in Diverse Communities Elaine Vaughan May, 2005 to May, 2009
Community Assessment of Resilience Tool (CART) Betty Pfefferbaum, Fran Norris June, 2005 to May, 2008
Community Field Studies and Analyses of Preparedness Networks Kathleen Tierney May, 2005 to September, 2009
Community-level Indicators of Radicalization: A Data and Measurement Workshop Gary LaFree, Kathleen Smarick, Shira Fishman September, 2009 to February, 2010
Community-oriented Policing and Community Engagement in Benin Barnett S. Koven July, 2018 to June, 2020
Comparing Failed, Foiled, Completed and Successful Terrorist Attacks Erik Dahl, Margaret Wilson, Martha Crenshaw July, 2012 to December, 2017
Comprehensive Testing of Imminent Threat Public Messages for Mobile Devices (MDP) Brooke Liu, Hamilton Bean, Marcus A. Boyd, Michele Wood June, 2012 to June, 2015
Computational Modeling of Grievances and Political Instability Through Global Media Gary LaFree September, 2014 to September, 2019
Consensus Framework for Informing Decision-Making in the Biological Threat Characterization Program Gary Ackerman September, 2013 to September, 2014
Counter Radicalization of Scientists in CBRN-relevant Technical Fields Arie Kruglanski, Gary Ackerman, Michele Gelfand September, 2013 to April, 2015
Countering Jihadist Ideology among Detainees: The Effects and Effectiveness of De-Radicalization Programs Arie Kruglanski, Michele Gelfand June, 2009 to December, 2011
Countering Terrorism in the United States Erica Chenoweth, Laura Dugan July, 2012 to December, 2015
Countering the Inhumane: Modeling Probable Pathways for Human Trafficking Along the U.S.- Mexico Border Brandon Behlendorf September, 2013 to December, 2014
Counterterrorism Net Assessment Data Structure (CT NEADS) Barnett S. Koven January, 2019 to January, 2020
Country Reports on Terrorism - Statistical Annex Gary LaFree, Erin Miller May, 2012 to May, 2018
Creation of a Database of U.S. Extremist Crime, 1990-2005 Joshua Freilich, Steven Chermak June, 2007 to January, 2009
Dealing with the Devil: When Bargaining with Terrorists Works Erica Chenoweth, Laura Dugan June, 2009 to December, 2011
Death in a Small Package: A Social History of Anthrax Susan Jones June, 2005 to June, 2008
Decision Making and Simulation Anthony Lemieux, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, Victor Asal June, 2005 to May, 2008
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency SIGMA+ Thomas Guarrieri, Marcus A. Boyd, Steve Sin July, 2018 to April, 2020
Deradicalization of Extremists Arie Kruglanski, Michele Gelfand July, 2012 to December, 2017
Developing a Typology of Terrorism Involvement: A Basis for Sentencing, Management, Risk Reduction, Release & Monitoring of Terrorist Offenders July, 2012 to December, 2015
Developing Academic Partnerships and Collaborative Research on Countering Violent Extremism in Malaysia and Southeast Asia Amy Pate, Barnett S. Koven, William Braniff September, 2018 to December, 2019
Developing Community Resilience for Children and Families Betty Pfefferbaum, Fran Norris June, 2005 to May, 2008
Developing Integrated Radiological and Nuclear Detection Architecture for the Interior and International Mission Space Steve Sin, Marcus A. Boyd September, 2016 to September, 2019
Dissuading Adversaries and their Radiological/Nuclear Pathways: Integrating Deterrence Theory and Analytics in the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture (GNDA) Amy Pate, Brandon Behlendorf, Gary Ackerman, John Sawyer, Steve Sin, Hamid Mohtadi, Marcus A. Boyd October, 2013 to September, 2018
Distinctive Characteristics of Terrorist Groups Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan January, 2005 to June, 2009
Domestic Weapons of Mass Destruction: Populations at Risk from U.S. Chemical Facilities Releases Susan Cutter June, 2008 to October, 2011
Drivers of Conflict and Convergence in China-U.S. Relations in a Global Context Amy Pate, John Stevenson March, 2014 to March, 2015
Dynamics of Terror and Counterterrorism Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan January, 2005 to June, 2009
Dynamics of Terrorism and Counterterrorism Campaigns Gary Ackerman, Joseph Young, R. Karl Rethemeyer, Victor Asal July, 2014 to December, 2017
Effective Organizational Communication During Crises: Learning from the 2001 Anthrax Attacks Caron Chess May, 2005 to May, 2009
Effectiveness of Counterterrorism Strategies Martha Crenshaw June, 2008 to November, 2011
Effects of Uncertainty on Support for Religious Extremism Arie Kruglanski June, 2005 to January, 2009
Empirical Analysis of IED Attacks Gary LaFree, Richard Legault June, 2008 to December, 2009
Empirical Assessment of Domestic Disengagement and Deradicalization (EAD3) Michael Jensen, Peter Simi, Gina Scott Ligon January, 2015 to December, 2018
Empirical Assessment of Domestic Radicalization (EADR) Michael Jensen, Gary LaFree January, 2013 to December, 2016
European Converts to Islam: An Evolving Threat? Emmanuel Karagiannis June, 2009 to May, 2011
Evaluating the Safe Spaces Community-Led CVE Program William Braniff October, 2018 to March, 2019
Expand the Transnational Illicit Trafficking (TransIT) Database Marcus A. Boyd January, 2019 to December, 2019
Extremist Crime Database Related Projects Joshua Freilich, Steven Chermak
Extremist Pathways to Power: The Rise of Extremist Ideologies to State Dogma Amy Pate, Gary Ackerman, John Sawyer May, 2013 to October, 2013
Factors Impacting the U.S. Intelligence Process David L. Carter, Jeremy G. Carter, Steven Chermak July, 2012 to December, 2013
Failure Points in Smuggling Networks Brandon Behlendorf September, 2013 to March, 2015
Family and Community Capacities among US Minorities: a Key to Preventing Violent Extremism Stevan Weine January, 2013 to December, 2017
Framing Global Salafi-Jihadist Messages in the West Peter Neumann July, 2012 to December, 2015
Geospatial Analysis of Terror Finance Marcus A. Boyd July, 2015 to July, 2016
Geospatial and Temporal Patterns of US Terrorism Brent Smith, Kelly Damphousse July, 2012 to December, 2017
Global Nuclear Detection Architecture: A Study of South Asia Sharad Joshi October, 2008 to September, 2009
Global Terrorism Database (GTD) Erin Miller, Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan June, 2001 to June, 2018
Global Terrorism Database (GTD) Acceleration Erin Miller January, 2019 to January, 2020
Guerilla Insurgency: The Springboard to Terrorism? Mark Lichbach June, 2008 to August, 2011
Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami: The Challenge of a Non-Violent Radical Islam Clark McCauley, Emmanuel Karagiannis June, 2005 to June, 2009
Homegrown Radicalization and the Role of Social Networks and Social Inclusiveness in the United States Paul Harwood June, 2008 to October, 2011
How Forecasters Decide to Warn: Insights on Tornado Risk Communication from the Southeast U.S. Brooke Liu, Anita Atwell Seate September, 2017 to August, 2019
Ideologies and Motivations of Terrorist Organizations Assaf Moghadam, Gary Ackerman July, 2014 to December, 2017
Influencing Violent Extremist Organizations in South Asia Amy Pate, Gary Ackerman September, 2011 to January, 2012
Influencing Violent Extremist Organizations: Empirical Assessment Project Gary Ackerman, John Sawyer April, 2011 to June, 2011
Insider Threat for Inbound International Air Cargo Gary Ackerman October, 2013 to March, 2015
Integrating Mental Health and Education Fields into Countering Violent Extremism Stevan Weine, William Braniff May, 2015 to August, 2015
Integration of International Architecture Analysis Brandon Behlendorf, Emily Iarocci, Gary Ackerman, John Sawyer September, 2013 to March, 2015
International and Regional Architecture Reports Brandon Behlendorf, Emily Iarocci, Gary Ackerman, Steve Sin May, 2012 to September, 2015
International Survey Capability Steven Kull June, 2005 to September, 2009
ISIL: Branding, Leadership Culture and Lethal Attraction Gina Scott Ligon November, 2014
Islamic Radicalization in Europe and North America: Parallels and Divergence Gary Ackerman, John Sawyer, Peter Neumann June, 2008 to December, 2011
Key Dimensions in Understanding Terrorist Bomb Attacks Margaret Wilson June, 2008 to May, 2010
Managing Chaos through Crisis Communication Leadership Brooke Liu June, 2017 to May, 2018
Mapping and Evaluating Online Salafi-Jihadism Arie Kruglanski, Jarret Brachman, Michele Gelfand July, 2012 to December, 2014
Martyrs without Borders: Iraq's Foreign Fighters and the Third Generation of Global Jihad Mohammed Hafez June, 2008 to May, 2011
Massive Online Open Course: Understanding Terrorism and the Terrorist Threat Gary LaFree, William Braniff, Katherine Worboys Izsak January, 2014 to March, 2014
Measuring Intervention Success in Terrorist Activities Brent Smith September, 2008 to June, 2010
Measuring Political Radicalization: Diaspora Support for Terrorism among Ottawa's Lebanese Muslim Community Bidisha Biswas, Christian Leuprecht, Clark McCauley August, 2008 to May, 2010
Measuring Up: Aligning SOF and Interagency CT Efforts Across the Tactical, Operational and Strategic Levels Barnett S. Koven July, 2019 to July, 2020
Mental Models of Intelligence Collectors and Analysts for Characterizing Adversarial Threats July, 2012 to December, 2014
Militant Islamist Networks in the West Jeffrey Bale July, 2005 to April, 2008
Minorities at Risk Related Projects June, 2005 to December, 2016
Mobile Radiation Detectors: Threat Perception and Device Acceptance Brooke Liu, Elizabeth Petrun Sayers, Gary Ackerman, Steve Sin, Thomas Guarrieri April, 2014 to April, 2019
Mobilization For and Against Terrorism in the Muslim World Clark McCauley, Mansoor Moaddel, Mohammed Hafez May, 2005 to May, 2009
Modeling and Simulation of Public Response to Threat and Attacks June, 2005 to June, 2009
Modeling Risk of Future Terrorist Attacks Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan May, 2005 to June, 2009
Modeling Terrorism Onset and Intensity Dynamics Using the GTD Claudio Cioffi-Revilla, Nina Fefferman July, 2016 to December, 2017
Modeling the Emergence of Leaders in Self-Organizing Social Networks Nina Fefferman July, 2016 to July, 2017
More Bang for the Buck?: Examining the Effect of Technological Change on Terrorist Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction Gary Ackerman, Jeffrey Bale July, 2005 to September, 2009
National Household Survey Linda Bourque July, 2005 to May, 2009
New Analytical Methods for the Exploitation of Open-Source Structured Databases to Enhance Situational Awareness for Effective Counter-WMD Strategies Ronald Breiger, Gary Ackerman, Victor Asal, H. Brinton Milward, R. Karl Rethemeyer March, 2010 to March, 2014
One God for All? Fundamentalism and Group Radicalization Johanna Birnir, Nil Satana July, 2013 to December, 2016
Organizational Determinants of Violence and Performance Gina Scott Ligon July, 2012 to December, 2016
Organizational Factors in the Successful Application of 'Community Engagement' Principles for Bioterrorism Preparedness Monica Schoch-Spana June, 2008 to December, 2011
Organized and/or Transnational Crime/Drug Cartel Nexus with Illicit Radiological/Nuclear Trade, Smuggling and/or Terrorism in Europe and North, Sahelian and West Africa Amy Pate, John Sawyer, Marcus A. Boyd, Steve Sin September, 2013 to March, 2015
Patterns of Radicalization in Political Activism Donatella della Porta, Manuela Caiani June, 2008 to December, 2009
Patterns of U.S. Extremist Crime Jeff Gruenewald, Joshua Freilich, Steven Chermak, William Parkin July, 2012 to December, 2017
Police Responses to Terrorism: Lessons from the Israeli Experience David Weisburd June, 2009 to May, 2010
Population Vulnerability Analysis, Spatial Social Science, and GIS Susan Cutter May, 2005 to May, 2009
Predisposing Root Causes of Terrorism Gary LaFree June, 2005 to June, 2009
Preparedness for Catastrophic Events Hamilton Bean, Kathleen Smarick, Monica Schoch-Spana, Paul Harwood November, 2008 to November, 2010
PRND Capability Development Framework Mapping John Sawyer, Marcus A. Boyd December, 2012 to June, 2015
Profiles of Incidents Involving CBRN and Non-state Actors (POICN) Database Markus Binder March, 2010 to June, 2018
Profiling the CB Adversary: Motivation, Psychology and Decision Gary Ackerman April, 2016 to December, 2017
Program to Prepare Communities for Complex Coordinated Terrorist Attacks Erin Miller October, 2017 to August, 2019
Punishing Terrorism: Examining the Multiple Stages of Federal Punishment Across Political Contexts Brian Johnson June, 2008 to December, 2009
Quantitative Index of the Public Health Impacts of Terrorism Fran Norris June, 2008 to October, 2011
Radicalization Clusters? Geographic Concentrations of Violent Extremism and Terrorism in the United States Kathleen Smarick October, 2010 to December, 2011
Radicalization of Momin Khawaja Clark McCauley, Sophia Moskalenko July, 2013 to June, 2015
Radicalization of U.S. Prisoners Bert Useem, Obie Clayton June, 2005 to May, 2009
Radicalizing the Poor: Understanding the Influence of Service Provision on Popular Support for and Participation in Violent Political Groups Shawn Flanigan June, 2008 to May, 2011
Radiological/Nuclear Adversaries Future Project Gary Ackerman, John Sawyer October, 2012 to December, 2013
Recruitment and Radicalization among US Far-Right Terrorists Peter Simi July, 2012 to December, 2015
Rehabilitation and Reintegration for CVE Programs William Braniff
Relationships among Terrorism-Using Groups, Supporters, Constituencies, Target Groups, and General Populations Clark McCauley January, 2009 to December, 2009
Resources and Resilience: A Computational Model of Strategic Influence January, 2018 to June, 2018
School Emergency Public Information and Warning/Information Sharing Brooke Liu, Holly Roberts October, 2015 to September, 2016
School-Based Preparedness and Intervention Programs Terence Thornberry April, 2006 to May, 2009
Shadows of Violence: Empirical Assessments of Threats, Coercion and Gray Zones Amy Pate, Barnett S. Koven July, 2016 to June, 2017
Shifting Terrorism Trends Across Time and Space Susan Cutter June, 2005
Social Identity and Perceptions of Counterterrorism Demis Glasford July, 2012 to December, 2017
Social Media Influencers: Re-domaining Fashion Industry Forecasting to Anticipate Online Extremist Radicalization Barnett S. Koven, Ramon F. Brena March, 2018 to February, 2019
Social Media Use during Disasters Brooke Liu July, 2012 to October, 2013
Social Network Analysis for Combating Terrorist Networks Alan Neustadtl, R. Karl Rethemeyer, Victor Asal June, 2006 to June, 2009
Social, Behavioral, Cultural, and Economic (SBCE) Impacts on Terrorist Activity Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan, Erin Miller July, 2012 to December, 2017
State Response and Terrorist Activity Clark McCauley June, 2005 to May, 2009
Support for Terrorism as a Function of Individualistic and Collectivistic Goals Arie Kruglanski June, 2005 to January, 2009
Terrorism and Violence in Colombia Enrique Arias June, 2009 to May, 2011
Terrorist and Extremist Organizations (TEO) Database Jonathan Wilkenfeld, R. Karl Rethemeyer July, 2012 to December, 2016
Terrorist Attacks on the Homeland Gary LaFree, Laura Dugan, Erin Miller July, 2012 to December, 2017
Terrorist Behavior and Societal Tolerance of Violence Risa Brooks July, 2012 to December, 2013
Terrorist Groups and Weapons of Mass Destruction Gary Ackerman, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, R. Karl Rethemeyer, Victor Asal July, 2005 to May, 2008
Terrorist Strategies and Tactics: When Do Terrorists Decide to Attack the US? Martha Crenshaw May, 2005 to May, 2009
Textual Analysis of Electronic Media Coverage of Homeland Security-Related Risks Lisa Keranen September, 2006 to May, 2009
The Arctic All-Hazards GIS Platform Marcus A. Boyd September, 2018 to June, 2019
The Ecology of Terrorist Organizations Jonathan Wilkenfeld, Victor Asal, Gary LaFree October, 2008 to December, 2012
The Effects of Terrorism on Police Organization, Police Effectiveness in Crime Fighting and Public Expectations of and Attitudes toward the Police: A Multi-method Study of the Israeli Experience David Weisburd January, 2006 to May, 2009
The Impact of Israeli Counterterrorism Interventions on Rate and Intensity of Terrorist Activity: Hazard Modeling and Time Series Approaches Arie Kruglanski July, 2008 to June, 2010
The Role for State Governments in Community Resilience Ann Bowman June, 2008 to May, 2010
The Role of the Media in the Recruitment of Terrorists: Mass Communication and the Battle for the Hearts and Minds of Muslims in Indonesia Douglas M. McLeod June, 2007 to May, 2009
The Social Determinants of Terrorist Organizations' Resilience in Latin America Johanna Birnir September, 2008 to December, 2012
The Terrorism and Extremist Violence in the United States (TEVUS) Database Gary LaFree, Brent Smith, Joshua Freilich, Steven Chermak, Erin Miller, William Braniff, Kathleen Smarick March, 2009 to June, 2017
The Threat of Pakistani Criminal Organizations: Assessing the Potential for Involvement in Radiological/Nuclear Smuggling, Collaboration with Terrorist Groups and the Potential to Destabilize the Pakistani State Amy Pate, Gary Ackerman April, 2012 to July, 2012
The Use of Violence by Ethnopolitical Organizations Jonathan Wilkenfeld, Victor Asal June, 2005 to May, 2009
Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA) Process John Sawyer, Steve Sin September, 2014 to June, 2015
Towards an Understanding of Explosive Detection Technology Adoption: Results from Two Surveys Brooke Liu May, 2016 to June, 2017
Tracking Attitudes within American Subculture Clark McCauley, Sophia Moskalenko July, 2012 to December, 2017
Tracking Sympathy and Support of Muslims for Terrorism in Muslim Countries and in the United Kingdom Clark McCauley June, 2008 to May, 2011
Tracking Sympathy and Support of Muslims for Terrorism in the United States Clark McCauley June, 2008 to May, 2011
Training in Risk and Crisis Communication (TRACC) Brooke Liu, Elizabeth Petrun Sayers, Katherine Worboys Izsak August, 2011 to October, 2013
Turning to Terrorism: Ethnic, Religious, and Extremist Organizations Jonathan Wilkenfeld, Victor Asal June, 2008 to December, 2011
Two to Tango: Government and Terrorist Group Actions in Colombia Barnett S. Koven March, 2018 to June, 2018
U.S. Attitudes toward Terrorism and Counterterrorism Gary LaFree October, 2010 to February, 2014
U.S. Crime-Terror Nexus: Terrorist Networks & Trade Diversion Joshua Freilich, Steven Chermak, Roberta Belli July, 2012 to December, 2013
U.S. Policies and Extremist Motivations July, 2012 to December, 2013
Understanding and Combating Mass Casualty Terrorism (MCT) Gary Ackerman, Victor Asal June, 2008 to December, 2011
Understanding Desistance from Terrorism Clark McCauley May, 2005 to May, 2009
Understanding Tornado Warnings, False Alarms, and Complacency, and Proposing Theory-Directed Solutions for Effective Warnings Michael Egnoto, Brooke Liu October, 2015 to September, 2016
Unifying Approaches to Adversarial Modeling H. Brinton Milward, Ronald Breiger July, 2015 to December, 2017
United States Extremist Crime Database (ECDB), 1990-2010 Joshua Freilich, Roberta Belli, Steven Chermak June, 2008 to October, 2011
Updates to the Big, Allied, and Dangerous (BAAD) Dataset Victor Asal January, 2019 to December, 2019
Updates to the Leadership of the Extreme and Dangerous for Innovative Results (LEADIR) Dataset Gina Scott Ligon January, 2019 to December, 2019
Using Experimental Research to Study the Dynamics of Radicalization, Terrorism, and Counterterrorism Anthony Lemieux July, 2012 to December, 2017
Using Global Terrorism Data to Model Counterterrorism Policies in Sri Lanka Gary LaFree, Sue-Ming Yang July, 2010 to December, 2011
Validating Models of Adversary Behavior Jun Zhuang July, 2012 to December, 2013
Violent Non-state Actors and Contested Space Operations Amy Pate, Barnett S. Koven August, 2017 to April, 2018
Weapons Availability and Civil War Onset Barnett S. Koven March, 2018 to June, 2018
Where the Extremes May Touch: The Potential for Collaboration Between Islamist, Right- and Left-Wing Extremists Gary Ackerman, Jeffrey Bale July, 2005 to September, 2009
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